This glossary is generated by Claude 3.7 Sonnet with very minor adjustments for correctness, to demonstrate the growing power of Large Language Models as aids to translation and linguistic analysis.
| Form | Lemma | POS | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Widsið | Widsið | n.m. | Widsith (name, literally "far-traveler") |
| maðolade | maðolian | v.pret.3sg | spoke, delivered a speech |
| wordhord | wordhord | n.n | word-hoard, store of words |
| onleac | onlūcan | v.pret.3sg | unlocked, opened |
| se | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he, the one |
| þe | þe | rel.part | who, that |
| monna | mann | n.m.gen.pl | of men |
| mǣst | mǣst | adv.superl | most |
| mǣgþa | mǣgþ | n.f.gen.pl | of nations, tribes |
| ofer | ofer | prep | over, across |
| eorþan | eorþe | n.f.acc.sg | earth, world |
| folca | folc | n.n.gen.pl | of peoples |
| geondferde | geondfēran | v.pret.3sg | traversed, traveled through |
| oft | oft | adv | often |
| hē | hē | pers.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| on | on | prep | in, at |
| flette | flett | n.n.dat.sg | hall, floor |
| geþah | geþicgan | v.pret.3sg | received |
| mynelīcne | mynelīc | adj.acc.m.sg | desirable, pleasing |
| maþþum | māððum | n.m.acc.sg | treasure, gift |
| Him | hē | pers.pron.dat.m.sg | to him |
| from | from | prep | from |
| Myrgingum | Myrgingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Myrgings (tribe name) |
| æþele | æþele | adj.nom.pl | noble ones |
| onwocon | onwacan | v.pret.pl | arose, were born |
| Hē | hē | pers.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Ealhhilde | Ealhhild | n.f.dat.sg | Ealhhild (name) |
| fælre | fæle | adj.dat.f.sg | faithful, good |
| freoþuwebban | freoþuwebbe | n.f.dat.sg | peace-weaver (woman who makes peace through marriage) |
| forman | forma | adj.dat.m.sg | first |
| sīþe | sīþ | n.m.dat.sg | time, journey |
| Hreðcyninges | Hreðcyning | n.m.gen.sg | of the glory-king |
| ham | hām | n.m.acc.sg | home |
| gesōhte | gesēcan | v.pret.3sg | sought, visited |
| eastan | ēastan | adv | from the east |
| of | of | prep | from |
| Ongle | Ongel | n.m.dat.sg | Anglia |
| Eormanrīces | Eormanrīc | n.m.gen.sg | of Eormanric/Ermanaric |
| wraþes | wrāð | adj.gen.m.sg | angry, cruel |
| wærlogan | wǣrloga | n.m.gen.sg | oath-breaker, traitor |
| Ongon | onginnan | v.pret.3sg | began |
| þā | þā | adv | then |
| worn | worn | n.m.acc.sg | multitude, great number |
| sprecan | sprecan | v.inf | to speak |
| Fela | fela | adj.indecl | many |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| monna | mann | n.m.gen.pl | of men |
| gefrægn | gefrīgnan | v.pret.1sg | have heard of |
| mǣgþum | mǣgþ | n.f.dat.pl | tribes, nations |
| wealdan | wealdan | v.inf | rule, control |
| Sceal | sculan | v.pres.3sg | shall, must |
| þeodna | þēoden | n.m.gen.pl | of lords, princes |
| gehwylc | gehwilc | pron | each, every |
| þeawum | þēaw | n.m.dat.pl | with customs, according to customs |
| lifgan | libban | v.inf | live |
| eorl | eorl | n.m.nom.sg | nobleman, warrior |
| æfter | æfter | prep | after |
| oþrum | ōðer | adj.dat.m.sg | another |
| eðle | ēðel | n.m.dat.sg | homeland, country |
| rædan | rǣdan | v.inf | rule, govern |
| se | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he, the one |
| þe | þe | rel.part | who, that |
| his | his | poss.pron.3sg | his |
| þeodenstol | þēodenstōl | n.m.acc.sg | throne |
| geþeon | geþēon | v.inf | prosper, flourish |
| wile | willan | v.pres.3sg | wishes, wants |
| Þāra | sē | dem.pron.gen.pl | of those |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.3sg | was |
| Hwala | Hwala | n.m.nom.sg | Hwala (name) |
| hwile | hwīl | n.f.dat.sg | for a time |
| selast | sēlest | adj.superl.nom.m.sg | best, most excellent |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Alexandreas | Alexandreas | n.m.nom.sg | Alexander (the Great) |
| ealra | eall | adj.gen.pl | of all |
| ricost | rīce | adj.superl.nom.m.sg | most powerful |
| monna | mann | n.m.gen.pl | of men |
| cynnes | cynn | n.n.gen.sg | of kind, of race |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| hē | hē | pers.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| mǣst | mǣst | adv.superl | most |
| geþah | geþicgan | v.pret.3sg | received, achieved |
| þāra | sē | dem.pron.gen.pl | of those |
| þe | þe | rel.part | which, that |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ofer | ofer | prep | over |
| foldan | folde | n.f.acc.sg | earth, ground |
| gefrægen | gefrīgnan | v.p.part | heard of |
| hæbbe | habban | v.pres.1sg | have |
| Ætla | Ætla | n.m.nom.sg | Attila |
| weold | wealdan | v.pret.3sg | ruled |
| Hunum | Hūnas | n.m.dat.pl | the Huns |
| Eormanrīc | Eormanrīc | n.m.nom.sg | Eormanric/Ermanaric |
| Gotum | Gotan | n.m.dat.pl | the Goths |
| Becca | Becca | n.m.nom.sg | Becca (name) |
| Baningum | Baningas | n.m.dat.pl | the Banings |
| Burgendum | Burgende | n.m.dat.pl | the Burgundians |
| Gifica | Gifica | n.m.nom.sg | Gibicho (name) |
| Casere | casere | n.m.nom.sg | Caesar, emperor |
| weold | wealdan | v.pret.3sg | ruled |
| Creacum | Crēacas | n.m.dat.pl | the Greeks |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Cælic | Cælic | n.m.nom.sg | Cælic (name) |
| Finnum | Finnas | n.m.dat.pl | the Finns |
| Hagena | Hagena | n.m.nom.sg | Hagena (name) |
| Holm-Rygum | Holm-Ryge | n.m.dat.pl | the Sea-Rugians |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Heoden | Heoden | n.m.nom.sg | Heoden (name) |
| Glommum | Glommas | n.m.dat.pl | the Glommas (tribe) |
| Witta | Witta | n.m.nom.sg | Witta (name) |
| weold | wealdan | v.pret.3sg | ruled |
| Swæfum | Swæfas | n.m.dat.pl | the Swabians |
| Wada | Wada | n.m.nom.sg | Wada (name) |
| Hælsingum | Hælsingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Helsings |
| Meaca | Meaca | n.m.nom.sg | Meaca (name) |
| Myrgingum | Myrgingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Myrgings |
| Mearchealf | Mearchealf | n.m.nom.sg | Mearchealf (name) |
| Hundingum | Hundingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Hundings |
| Þeodric | Þeodric | n.m.nom.sg | Theodoric |
| weold | wealdan | v.pret.3sg | ruled |
| Froncum | Froncas | n.m.dat.pl | the Franks |
| Þyle | Þyle | n.m.nom.sg | Thyle (name) |
| Rondingum | Rondingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Rondings |
| Breoca | Breoca | n.m.nom.sg | Breoca (name) |
| Brondingum | Brondingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Brondings |
| Billing | Billing | n.m.nom.sg | Billing (name) |
| Wernum | Wernas | n.m.dat.pl | the Werns |
| Oswine | Oswine | n.m.nom.sg | Oswine (name) |
| weold | wealdan | v.pret.3sg | ruled |
| Eowum | Eowas | n.m.dat.pl | the Eows |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Ytum | Ytas | n.m.dat.pl | the Jutes |
| Gefwulf | Gefwulf | n.m.nom.sg | Gefwulf (name) |
| Fin | Fin | n.m.nom.sg | Finn (name) |
| Folcwalding | Folcwalding | n.m.nom.sg | son of Folcwald |
| Frēsna | Frēsas | n.m.gen.pl | of the Frisians |
| cynne | cynn | n.n.dat.sg | tribe, race, people |
| Sigehere | Sigehere | n.m.nom.sg | Sigehere (name) |
| lengest | lange | adv.superl | longest |
| Sæ-Denum | Sæ-Dene | n.m.dat.pl | the Sea-Danes |
| weold | wealdan | v.pret.3sg | ruled |
| Hnæf | Hnæf | n.m.nom.sg | Hnæf (name) |
| Hocingum | Hocingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Hocings |
| Helm | Helm | n.m.nom.sg | Helm (name) |
| Wulfingum | Wulfingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Wulfings |
| Wald | Wald | n.m.nom.sg | Wald (name) |
| Woingum | Woingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Woings |
| Wod | Wod | n.m.nom.sg | Wod (name) |
| Þyringum | Þyringas | n.m.dat.pl | the Thuringians |
| Sæferð | Sæferð | n.m.nom.sg | Sæferð (name) |
| Sycgum | Sycgas | n.m.dat.pl | the Secgans |
| Sweom | Swēon | n.m.dat.pl | the Swedes |
| Ongendþeow | Ongendþeow | n.m.nom.sg | Ongentheow (name) |
| Sceafthere | Sceafthere | n.m.nom.sg | Sceafthere (name) |
| Ymbrum | Ymbre | n.m.dat.pl | the Ymbrians |
| Sceafa | Sceafa | n.m.nom.sg | Sceafa (name) |
| Longbeardum | Longbeardas | n.m.dat.pl | the Lombards |
| Hun | Hun | n.m.nom.sg | Hun (name) |
| Hætwerum | Hætweras | n.m.dat.pl | the Hætware |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Holen | Holen | n.m.nom.sg | Holen (name) |
| Wrosnum | Wrosnas | n.m.dat.pl | the Wrosns |
| Hringweald | Hringweald | n.m.nom.sg | Hringweald (name) |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.3sg | was |
| haten | hātan | v.p.part | called, named |
| Herefarena | Herefaras | n.m.gen.pl | of the Herefaras |
| cyning | cyning | n.m.nom.sg | king |
| Offa | Offa | n.m.nom.sg | Offa (name) |
| weold | wealdan | v.pret.3sg | ruled |
| Ongle | Ongel | n.m.dat.sg | Anglia |
| Alewih | Alewih | n.m.nom.sg | Alewih (name) |
| Denum | Dene | n.m.dat.pl | the Danes |
| se | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.3sg | was |
| þāra | sē | dem.pron.gen.pl | of those |
| manna | mann | n.m.gen.pl | of men |
| mōdgast | mōdig | adj.superl.nom.m.sg | bravest, most courageous |
| ealra | eall | adj.gen.pl | of all |
| nō | nō | adv | not |
| hwæþre | hwæðre | adv | however |
| hē | hē | pers.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| ofer | ofer | prep | over |
| Offan | Offa | n.m.acc.sg | Offa |
| eorlscype | eorlscipe | n.m.acc.sg | heroism, nobility |
| fremede | fremman | v.pret.3sg | performed, accomplished |
| ac | ac | conj | but |
| Offa | Offa | n.m.nom.sg | Offa |
| geslog | geslēan | v.pret.3sg | struck down, conquered |
| ærest | ǣrest | adv.superl | first |
| monna | mann | n.m.gen.pl | of men |
| cnihtwesende | cniht-wesende | adj | being a boy, while a youth |
| cynerica | cynerīce | n.n.gen.pl | of kingdoms |
| mǣst | mǣst | adj.superl.acc.n.sg | most, greatest |
| Nænig | nǣnig | pron | none, no one |
| efeneald | efeneald | adj.nom.m.sg | of the same age |
| him | hē | pers.pron.dat.m.sg | to him |
| eorlscipe | eorlscipe | n.m.acc.sg | heroism, nobility |
| māran | māra | adj.comp.acc.m.sg | greater |
| on | on | prep | in |
| ōrette | ōret | n.dat.sg | battle, combat |
| Āne | ān | num.instr.sg | with one |
| sweorde | sweord | n.n.instr.sg | sword |
| merce | mearc | n.f.acc.pl | borders, boundaries |
| gemǣrde | gemǣran | v.pret.3sg | marked out, established |
| wið | wið | prep | against |
| Myrgingum | Myrgingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Myrgings |
| bī | bī | prep | by |
| Fifeldore | Fifeldor | n.f.dat.sg | Eider river |
| heoldon | healdan | v.pret.pl | held |
| forð | forð | adv | forth, onwards |
| sīþþan | sīððan | adv | afterwards, since then |
| Engle | Engle | n.m.nom.pl | the Angles |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Swæfe | Swæfas | n.m.nom.pl | the Swabians |
| swā | swā | adv | as, so |
| hit | hit | pers.pron.nom.n.sg | it |
| Offa | Offa | n.m.nom.sg | Offa |
| geslog | geslēan | v.pret.3sg | struck, established |
| Hroþwulf | Hroþwulf | n.m.nom.sg | Hrothwulf (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Hroðgar | Hroðgar | n.m.nom.sg | Hrothgar (name) |
| heoldon | healdan | v.pret.pl | held |
| lengest | lange | adv.superl | longest |
| sibbe | sibb | n.f.acc.sg | peace, kinship |
| ætsomne | ætsomne | adv | together |
| suhtorfædran | suhtorfædera | n.m.nom.pl | nephew and uncle |
| siþþan | siþþan | conj | after, since |
| hȳ | hīe | pers.pron.nom.pl | they |
| forwrǣcon | forwrēcan | v.pret.pl | drove away, banished |
| wicinga | wicing | n.m.gen.pl | of vikings |
| cynn | cynn | n.n.acc.sg | race, tribe |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Ingeldes | Ingeld | n.m.gen.sg | of Ingeld |
| ord | ord | n.m.acc.sg | point, spear-point (metaphorically: pride) |
| forbīgdan | forbīgan | v.pret.pl | bent, broke |
| forhēowan | forhēawan | v.pret.pl | hewed down, cut down |
| æt | æt | prep | at |
| Heorote | Heorot | n.m.dat.sg | Heorot (hall name) |
| Heaðobeardna | Heaðobeardan | n.m.gen.pl | of the Heathobards |
| þrym | þrymm | n.m.acc.sg | force, strength, glory |
| Swā | swā | adv | so, thus |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| geondfērde | geondfēran | v.pret.1sg | traveled through, traversed |
| fela | fela | adj.indecl | many |
| fremdra | fremde | adj.gen.pl | foreign, strange |
| londa | land | n.n.gen.pl | of lands |
| geond | geond | prep | throughout |
| ginne | ginn | adj.acc.m.sg | spacious, wide |
| grund | grund | n.m.acc.sg | ground, bottom, abyss |
| Gōdes | gōd | adj.gen.n.sg | good |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| yfles | yfel | adj.gen.n.sg | evil |
| þǣr | þǣr | adv | there |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| cunnade | cunnian | v.pret.1sg | experienced, tried |
| cnōsle | cnōsl | n.n.dat.sg | family, kin |
| bidǣled | bidǣlan | v.p.part | deprived of, separated from |
| frēomǣgum | frēomǣg | n.m.dat.pl | free kinsmen |
| feor | feor | adv | far |
| folgade | folgian | v.pret.1sg | followed |
| wide | wīde | adv | widely, far and wide |
| Forþon | forþon | conj | therefore, for that reason |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| mæg | magan | v.pres.1sg | may, can |
| singan | singan | v.inf | sing |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| secgan | secgan | v.inf | say, tell |
| spell | spell | n.n.acc.sg | story, tale |
| mǣnan | mǣnan | v.inf | tell, relate |
| fore | fore | prep | before |
| mengo | menigo | n.f.dat.sg | multitude, crowd |
| in | in | prep | in |
| meoduhealle | meoduhall | n.f.dat.sg | mead-hall |
| hū | hū | adv | how |
| me | ic | pers.pron.dat.1sg | me |
| cynegōde | cynegōd | adj.nom.pl | noble kings |
| cystum | cyst | n.f.dat.pl | with excellences, with generosities |
| dohten | dugan | v.pret.pl | were good, were kind |
| Ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Hunum | Hūnas | n.m.dat.pl | the Huns |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Hreðgotum | Hreðgotan | n.m.dat.pl | the Glory-Goths (Ostrogoths) |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Sweom | Swēon | n.m.dat.pl | the Swedes |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Gēatum | Gēatas | n.m.dat.pl | the Geats |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Suþ-denum | Sūþ-Dene | n.m.dat.pl | the South-Danes |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Wenlum | Wenlas | n.m.dat.pl | the Wends |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Wærnum | Wærnas | n.m.dat.pl | the Werns |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Wicingum | Wicingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Vikings |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Gefþum | Gefþas | n.m.dat.pl | the Gepids |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Winedum | Winedas | n.m.dat.pl | the Wends |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Gefflēgum | Gefflēgas | n.m.dat.pl | the Gefflēgas (tribe) |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Englum | Engle | n.m.dat.pl | the Angles |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Swæfum | Swæfas | n.m.dat.pl | the Swabians |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Ænenum | Ænenas | n.m.dat.pl | the Æni (tribe) |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Seaxum | Seaxas | n.m.dat.pl | the Saxons |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Sycgum | Sycgas | n.m.dat.pl | the Secgans |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Sweordwerum | Sweordweras | n.m.dat.pl | the Sword-men |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Hronum | Hronas | n.m.dat.pl | the Hrons |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Dēanum | Dēanas | n.m.dat.pl | the Danes |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Heaþoreamum | Heaþoreamas | n.m.dat.pl | the Battle-Reamas |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Þyringum | Þyringas | n.m.dat.pl | the Thuringians |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Þrowendum | Þrowendas | n.m.dat.pl | the Throw-people |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Burgendum | Burgendas | n.m.dat.pl | the Burgundians |
| þǣr | þǣr | adv | there |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| bēag | bēah | n.m.acc.sg | ring, treasure |
| geþah | geþicgan | v.pret.1sg | received |
| me | ic | pers.pron.dat.1sg | me |
| þǣr | þǣr | adv | there |
| Guðhere | Guðhere | n.m.nom.sg | Gunther (name) |
| forgeaf | forgifan | v.pret.3sg | gave |
| glædlicne | glædlic | adj.acc.m.sg | glad, joyful |
| māþþum | māþþum | n.m.acc.sg | treasure, gift |
| songes | song | n.m.gen.sg | of song |
| to | tō | prep | to, for |
| lēane | lēan | n.n.dat.sg | reward, payment |
| Næs | ne-wesan | v.pret.3sg | was not |
| þǣt | þæt | dem.pron.nom.n.sg | that |
| sǣne | sǣne | adj.nom.m.sg | slack, slow |
| cyning | cyning | n.m.nom.sg | king |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Froncum | Froncas | n.m.dat.pl | the Franks |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Frysum | Frysas | n.m.dat.pl | the Frisians |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Frumtingum | Frumtingas | n.m.dat.pl | the First-people |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Rugum | Rugas | n.m.dat.pl | the Rugians |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Glommum | Glommas | n.m.dat.pl | the Glommas |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Rumwalum | Rumwalas | n.m.dat.pl | the Romans |
| Swylce | swilce | adv | likewise, also |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| on | on | prep | in |
| Eatule | Eatule | n.prop.dat.sg | Italy |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Ælfwine | Ælfwine | n.m.dat.sg | Alboin (name) |
| se | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | who |
| hæfde | habban | v.pret.3sg | had |
| moncynnes | moncynn | n.n.gen.sg | of mankind |
| mīne | mīn | poss.pron.1sg | my |
| gefrǣge | gefrǣge | n.n.dat.sg | hearsay, knowledge |
| lēohteste | lēoht | adj.superl.acc.f.sg | lightest |
| hond | hond | n.f.acc.sg | hand |
| lofes | lof | n.n.gen.sg | of praise |
| to | tō | prep | to, for |
| wyrcenne | wyrcan | v.inf | work, make |
| heortan | heorte | n.f.acc.sg | heart |
| unhnēaweste | unhnēaw | adj.superl.acc.f.sg | most generous |
| hringa | hring | n.m.gen.pl | of rings |
| gedāles | gedāl | n.n.gen.sg | of distribution, of dividing |
| beorhtra | beorht | adj.gen.pl | bright |
| bēaga | bēag | n.m.gen.pl | of rings, of treasures |
| bearn | bearn | n.n.nom.sg | child, son |
| Eadwines | Eadwine | n.m.gen.sg | of Edwin |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Sercingum | Sercingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Saracens |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Seringum | Seringas | n.m.dat.pl | the Seres (Chinese) |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Creacum | Crēacas | n.m.dat.pl | the Greeks |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Finnum | Finnas | n.m.dat.pl | the Finns |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Casere | casere | n.m.dat.sg | Caesar, emperor |
| se | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | who |
| þe | þe | rel.part | who, that |
| wīnburga | wīnburg | n.f.gen.pl | of wine-cities |
| geweald | geweald | n.n.acc.sg | power, control |
| āhte | āgan | v.pret.3sg | owned, possessed |
| wiolena | wiolen | n.n.gen.pl | of wealth |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| wilna | will | n.m.gen.pl | of desires |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Wala | Wealas | n.m.gen.pl | of the Welsh, of the Romans |
| rīces | rīce | n.n.gen.sg | of kingdom, of realm |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Scottum | Scottas | n.m.dat.pl | the Scots |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Peohtum | Peohtas | n.m.dat.pl | the Picts |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Scridefinnum | Scridefinnas | n.m.dat.pl | the Ski-Finns |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Lidwicingum | Lidwicingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Bretons |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Leonum | Lēonas | n.m.dat.pl | the Lyonese |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Longbeardum | Longbeardas | n.m.dat.pl | the Lombards |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| hæðnum | hæðen | adj.dat.pl | heathen |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| hæleþum | hæleþ | n.m.dat.pl | heroes, men |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Hundingum | Hundingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Hundings |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Israhelum | Israhelum | n.m.dat.pl | the Israelites |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Exsyringum | Exsyringas | n.m.dat.pl | the Assyrians |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Ebreum | Ebreas | n.m.dat.pl | the Hebrews |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Indeum | Indeas | n.m.dat.pl | the Indians |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Egyptum | Egyptas | n.m.dat.pl | the Egyptians |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Moidum | Moidas | n.m.dat.pl | the Medes |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Persum | Persas | n.m.dat.pl | the Persians |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Myrgingum | Myrgingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Myrgings |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Mofdingum | Mofdingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Mofdings |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Ongendmyrgingum | Ongendmyrgingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Against-Myrgings |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Amoþingum | Amoþingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Amoþings |
| Mid | mid | prep | with |
| Eastþyringum | Eastþyringas | n.m.dat.pl | the East-Thuringians |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Eolum | Eolas | n.m.dat.pl | the Eols |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Istum | Istas | n.m.dat.pl | the Ests |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Idumingum | Idumingas | n.m.dat.pl | the Idumings |
| Ond | ond | conj | and |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.1sg | was |
| mid | mid | prep | with |
| Eormanrīce | Eormanrīc | n.m.dat.sg | Ermanaric |
| ealle | eall | adj.acc.f.sg | all |
| þrāge | þrāg | n.f.acc.sg | time, while |
| þǣr | þǣr | adv | there |
| me | ic | pers.pron.dat.1sg | me |
| Gotena | Gotan | n.m.gen.pl | of the Goths |
| cyning | cyning | n.m.nom.sg | king |
| gōde | gōd | adv | well |
| dohte | dugan | v.pret.3sg | was good, was kind |
| se | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| me | ic | pers.pron.dat.1sg | me |
| bēag | bēag | n.m.acc.sg | ring, treasure |
| forgeaf | forgifan | v.pret.3sg | gave |
| burgwarena | burgware | n.m.gen.pl | of city-dwellers |
| fruma | fruma | n.m.nom.sg | chief, prince |
| on | on | prep | in |
| þām | sē | dem.pron.dat.m.sg | which, that |
| siex | siex | num | six |
| hund | hund | num | hundred |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.3sg | was |
| smǣtes | smǣte | adj.gen.n.sg | pure, refined |
| goldes | gold | n.n.gen.sg | of gold |
| gescyred | scieran | v.p.part | cut, divided |
| sceatta | sceat | n.m.gen.pl | of coins, of money |
| scillingrīme | scillingrīm | n.m.dat.sg | by shilling-count |
| þone | sē | dem.pron.acc.m.sg | which, that |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| Eadgilse | Eadgils | n.m.dat.sg | (to) Eadgils |
| on | on | prep | in |
| ǣht | ǣht | n.f.acc.sg | possession |
| sealde | sellan | v.pret.1sg | gave |
| mīnum | mīn | poss.pron.1sg.dat.m.sg | my |
| hlēodryhtne | hlēodryhten | n.m.dat.sg | protecting lord |
| þā | þā | adv | when |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| to | tō | prep | to |
| ham | hām | n.m.dat.sg | home |
| bicwom | becuman | v.pret.1sg | came |
| lēofum | lēof | adj.dat.m.sg | beloved |
| to | tō | prep | to, for |
| lēane | lēan | n.n.dat.sg | reward, payment |
| þæs | þæs | dem.pron.gen.n.sg | of that |
| þe | þe | rel.part | which, that |
| hē | hē | pers.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| me | ic | pers.pron.dat.1sg | me |
| lond | land | n.n.acc.sg | land |
| forgeaf | forgifan | v.pret.3sg | gave |
| mīnes | mīn | poss.pron.1sg.gen.m.sg | my |
| fæder | fæder | n.m.gen.sg | father's |
| ēþel | ēþel | n.m.acc.sg | homeland, estate |
| frēa | frēa | n.m.nom.sg | lord |
| Myrginga | Myrgingas | n.m.gen.pl | of the Myrgings |
| Ond | ond | conj | and |
| me | ic | pers.pron.dat.1sg | me |
| þā | þā | adv | then |
| Ealhhild | Ealhhild | n.f.nom.sg | Ealhhild |
| ōþerne | ōðer | adj.acc.m.sg | another |
| forgeaf | forgifan | v.pret.3sg | gave |
| dryhtcwēn | dryhtcwēn | n.f.nom.sg | noble queen |
| duguþe | duguþ | n.f.gen.sg | of the nobility |
| dohtor | dohtor | n.f.nom.sg | daughter |
| Eadwines | Eadwine | n.m.gen.sg | of Edwin |
| Hyre | hēo | pers.pron.gen.f.sg | her |
| lof | lof | n.n.nom.sg | praise |
| lengde | lengan | v.pret.3sg | extended |
| geond | geond | prep | throughout |
| londa | land | n.n.gen.pl | of lands |
| fela | fela | adj.indecl | many |
| þonne | þonne | conj | when |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| be | be | prep | about, concerning |
| songe | song | n.m.dat.sg | song |
| secgan | secgan | v.inf | say, tell |
| sceolde | sculan | v.pret.1sg | should, had to |
| hwær | hwǣr | adv | where |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| under | under | prep | under |
| swegle | swegle | n.n.dat.sg | sky, heaven |
| sēlast | sēlest | adv.superl | best |
| wisse | witan | v.pret.1sg | knew |
| goldhrodene | goldhroden | adj.acc.f.sg | gold-adorned |
| cwēn | cwēn | n.f.acc.sg | queen |
| giefe | giefu | n.f.acc.pl | gifts |
| bryttian | bryttian | v.inf | distribute, dispense |
| Ðonne | þonne | adv | then |
| wit | wit | pers.pron.nom.dual | we two |
| Scilling | Scilling | n.m.nom.sg | Scilling (name) |
| scīran | scīr | adj.acc.f.sg | clear, bright |
| reorde | reord | n.f.acc.sg | voice, language |
| for | for | prep | before |
| uncrum | uncer | poss.pron.dual.dat.m.sg | our (dual) |
| sigedryhtne | sigedryhten | n.m.dat.sg | victory-lord |
| song | song | n.m.acc.sg | song |
| āhofan | āhebban | v.pret.dual | raised up |
| hlude | hlūd | adj.nom.n.sg | loud |
| bī | bī | prep | by |
| hearpan | hearpe | n.f.dat.sg | harp |
| hlēoþor | hlēoþor | n.n.nom.sg | sound, melody |
| swinsade | swinsian | v.pret.3sg | sounded, made melody |
| þonne | þonne | conj | when |
| monige | manig | adj.nom.pl | many |
| men | mann | n.m.nom.pl | men |
| mōdum | mōd | n.n.dat.pl | in minds |
| wlonce | wlanc | adj.nom.pl | proud |
| wordum | word | n.n.instr.pl | with words |
| sprēcan | sprecan | v.pret.pl | spoke |
| þa | sē | dem.pron.nom.pl | those |
| þe | þe | rel.part | who |
| wēl | wēl | adv | well |
| cuþan | cunnan | v.pret.pl | knew |
| þæt | þæt | conj | that |
| hī | hīe | pers.pron.nom.pl | they |
| nǣfre | nǣfre | adv | never |
| song | song | n.m.acc.sg | song |
| sēllan | sēlla | adj.comp.acc.m.sg | better |
| ne | ne | adv | not |
| hȳrdon | hīeran | v.pret.pl | heard |
| Ðonan | þonan | adv | thence, from there |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ealne | eall | adj.acc.m.sg | all |
| geondhwearf | geondhweorfan | v.pret.1sg | traversed |
| ēþel | ēþel | n.m.acc.sg | homeland, country |
| Gotena | Gotan | n.m.gen.pl | of the Goths |
| sōhte | sēcan | v.pret.1sg | sought |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| a | ā | adv | always |
| gesiþa | gesīþ | n.m.acc.pl | companions |
| þā | sē | dem.pron.acc.pl | those |
| selestan | sēlest | adj.superl.acc.pl | best, most excellent |
| þæt | þæt | dem.pron.nom.n.sg | that |
| wæs | wesan | v.pret.3sg | was |
| innweorud | innweorud | n.n.nom.sg | household retinue |
| Earmanrīces | Earmanrīc | n.m.gen.sg | of Ermanaric |
| Heðcan | Heðca | n.m.acc.sg | Heðca (name) |
| sōhte | sēcan | v.pret.1sg | sought |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Beadecan | Beadeca | n.m.acc.sg | Beadeca (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Herelingas | Herelingas | n.m.acc.pl | the Herelings |
| Emercan | Emercan | n.m.acc.sg | Emercan (name) |
| sōhte | sēcan | v.pret.1sg | sought |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Fridlan | Fridla | n.m.acc.sg | Fridla (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Eastgotan | Eastgota | n.m.acc.sg | Eastgota (name) |
| frōdne | frōd | adj.acc.m.sg | wise, old |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| gōdne | gōd | adj.acc.m.sg | good |
| fæder | fæder | n.m.acc.sg | father |
| Unwenes | Unwen | n.m.gen.sg | of Unwen |
| Seccan | Secca | n.m.acc.sg | Secca (name) |
| sōhte | sēcan | v.pret.1sg | sought |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Beccan | Becca | n.m.acc.sg | Becca (name) |
| Seafolan | Seafola | n.m.acc.sg | Seafola (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Þeodric | Þeodric | n.m.acc.sg | Theodoric |
| Heaþoric | Heaþoric | n.m.acc.sg | Heathoric (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Sifecan | Sifeca | n.m.acc.sg | Sifeca (name) |
| Hlīþe | Hlīþe | n.m.acc.sg | Hlithe (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Incgenþeow | Incgenþeow | n.m.acc.sg | Incgentheow (name) |
| Eadwine | Eadwine | n.m.acc.sg | Edwin (name) |
| sōhte | sēcan | v.pret.1sg | sought |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Elsan | Elsa | n.m.acc.sg | Elsa (name) |
| Ægelmund | Ægelmund | n.m.acc.sg | Ægelmund (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Hungar | Hungar | n.m.acc.sg | Hungar (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| þā | sē | dem.pron.acc.f.sg | the |
| wloncan | wlanc | adj.acc.f.sg | proud |
| gedryht | gedryht | n.f.acc.sg | retinue, band |
| Wiþmyrginga | Wiþmyrgingas | n.m.gen.pl | of the With-Myrgings |
| Wulfhere | Wulfhere | n.m.acc.sg | Wulfhere (name) |
| sōhte | sēcan | v.pret.1sg | sought |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Wyrmhere | Wyrmhere | n.m.acc.sg | Wyrmhere (name) |
| ful | full | adv | fully, very |
| oft | oft | adv | often |
| þǣr | þǣr | adv | there |
| wig | wīg | n.n.nom.sg | war, battle |
| ne | ne | adv | not |
| ālæg | ālicgan | v.pret.3sg | failed, ceased |
| þonne | þonne | conj | when |
| Hræda | Hræde | n.m.gen.pl | of the Goths |
| here | here | n.m.nom.sg | army |
| heardum | heard | adj.dat.pl | hard |
| sweordum | sweord | n.n.dat.pl | swords |
| ymb | ymb | prep | around |
| Wistlawudu | Wistlawudu | n.m.acc.sg | Vistula wood |
| wergan | werian | v.inf | defend |
| sceoldon | sculan | v.pret.pl | should, had to |
| ealdne | eald | adj.acc.m.sg | old |
| ēþelstōl | ēþelstōl | n.m.acc.sg | native seat, homeland |
| Ætlan | Ætla | n.m.dat.sg | Attila |
| lēodum | lēod | n.m.dat.pl | to the people |
| Rædhere | Rædhere | n.m.acc.sg | Rædhere (name) |
| sōhte | sēcan | v.pret.1sg | sought |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Rondhere | Rondhere | n.m.acc.sg | Rondhere (name) |
| Rumstan | Rumstan | n.m.acc.sg | Rumstan (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Gislhere | Gislhere | n.m.acc.sg | Gislhere (name) |
| Wiþergield | Wiþergield | n.m.acc.sg | Withergield (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Freoþeric | Freoþeric | n.m.acc.sg | Freotheric (name) |
| Wudgan | Wudga | n.m.acc.sg | Wudga (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Haman | Hama | n.m.acc.sg | Hama (name) |
| ne | ne | adv | not |
| wæran | wesan | v.pret.pl | were |
| þæt | þæt | dem.pron.nom.n.sg | that |
| gesīþa | gesīþ | n.m.gen.pl | of companions |
| þā | sē | dem.pron.nom.pl | those |
| sǣmestan | sǣmest | adj.superl.nom.pl | worst |
| þēah | þēah | conj | though |
| þe | þe | conj | that |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| hȳ | hīe | pers.pron.acc.pl | them |
| anīhst | anīehst | adv.superl | last |
| nemnan | nemnan | v.inf | name |
| sceolde | sculan | v.pret.1sg | should, had to |
| Ful | full | adv | fully, very |
| oft | oft | adv | often |
| of | of | prep | from |
| þām | sē | dem.pron.dat.m.sg | that |
| hēape | hēap | n.m.dat.sg | heap, troop |
| hwīnende | hwīnan | v.pres.p | whizzing, whistling |
| fleag | flēogan | v.pret.3sg | flew |
| giellende | giellan | v.pres.p | yelling |
| gar | gār | n.m.nom.sg | spear |
| on | on | prep | on |
| grome | gram | adj.acc.f.sg | hostile, angry |
| þēode | þēod | n.f.acc.sg | people, nation |
| wræccan | wræcca | n.m.nom.pl | exiles |
| þǣr | þǣr | adv | there |
| weoldan | wealdan | v.pret.pl | ruled, controlled |
| wundnan | wunden | adj.dat.n.sg | wound, twisted |
| golde | gold | n.n.dat.sg | gold |
| werum | wer | n.m.dat.pl | men |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| wīfum | wīf | n.n.dat.pl | women |
| Wudga | Wudga | n.m.nom.sg | Wudga (name) |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| Hama | Hama | n.m.nom.sg | Hama (name) |
| Swa | swā | adv | so, thus |
| ic | ic | pers.pron.nom.1sg | I |
| þæt | þæt | dem.pron.acc.n.sg | that |
| symle | symle | adv | always |
| onfond | onfindan | v.pret.1sg | found out, experienced |
| on | on | prep | in |
| þære | sēo | dem.pron.dat.f.sg | that |
| fēringe | fēring | n.f.dat.sg | journey |
| þæt | þæt | conj | that |
| sē | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| biþ | bēon | v.pres.3sg | is |
| leofast | lēof | adj.superl.nom.m.sg | dearest |
| londbūendum | landbuend | n.m.dat.pl | to land-dwellers, inhabitants |
| sē | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| þe | þe | rel.part | who |
| him | hē | pers.pron.dat.m.sg | him |
| God | god | n.m.nom.sg | God |
| syleð | sellan | v.pres.3sg | gives |
| gumena | guma | n.m.gen.pl | of men |
| rīce | rīce | n.n.acc.sg | kingdom, power |
| to | tō | prep | to |
| gehealdenne | gehealdan | v.inf | hold, maintain |
| þenden | þenden | conj | while |
| hē | hē | pers.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| hēr | hēr | adv | here |
| leofað | libban | v.pres.3sg | lives |
| Swā | swā | adv | so, thus |
| scrīþende | scrīðan | v.pres.p | wandering, gliding |
| gesceapum | gesceap | n.n.dat.pl | by fates, by destiny |
| hweorfað | hweorfan | v.pres.pl | turn, wander |
| glēomen | glēoman | n.m.nom.pl | gleemen, minstrels |
| gumena | guma | n.m.gen.pl | of men |
| geond | geond | prep | throughout |
| grunda | grund | n.m.acc.pl | grounds, regions |
| fela | fela | adj.indecl | many |
| þearfe | þearf | n.f.acc.sg | need |
| secgað | secgan | v.pres.pl | say, tell |
| þoncword | þoncword | n.n.acc.sg | word of thanks |
| sprecaþ | sprecan | v.pres.pl | speak |
| simle | symle | adv | always |
| sūð | sūð | adv | south |
| oþþe | oþþe | conj | or |
| norð | norð | adv | north |
| sumne | sum | adj.acc.m.sg | some |
| gemētað | gemētan | v.pres.pl | meet |
| gydda | gied | n.n.gen.pl | of songs, of tales |
| glēawne | glēaw | adj.acc.m.sg | skilled, wise |
| geofum | giefu | n.f.dat.pl | with gifts |
| unhnēawne | unhnēaw | adj.acc.m.sg | unsparing, generous |
| sē | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he |
| þe | þe | rel.part | who |
| fore | fore | prep | before |
| duguþe | duguþ | n.f.dat.sg | nobility, warriors |
| wile | willan | v.pres.3sg | wishes, wants |
| dōm | dōm | n.m.acc.sg | glory, judgment |
| ārǣran | ārǣran | v.inf | raise up, establish |
| eorlscipe | eorlscipe | n.m.acc.sg | nobility, heroism |
| æfnan | æfnan | v.inf | perform, accomplish |
| oþþæt | oþþæt | conj | until |
| eal | eall | pron | all |
| scæceð | sceacan | v.pres.3sg | departs, passes away |
| lēoht | lēoht | n.n.nom.sg | light |
| ond | ond | conj | and |
| līf | līf | n.n.nom.sg | life |
| somod | somod | adv | together |
| lof | lof | n.n.acc.sg | praise |
| sē | sē | dem.pron.nom.m.sg | he who |
| gewyrceð | gewyrcan | v.pres.3sg | works, achieves |
| hafað | habban | v.pres.3sg | has |
| under | under | prep | under |
| heofonum | heofon | n.m.dat.pl | heavens |
| hēahfæstne | hēahfæst | adj.acc.m.sg | high-established, exalted |
| dōm | dōm | n.m.acc.sg | glory, judgment |